 Early humans apparently couldn't resist the allure of Neanderthals, interbreeding and transfering DNA. Proof of this was delivered by the completion of the Neanderthal genome. (Source: PATRICK BERNARD / AFP / Getty Images)
 Neanderthals were driven to extinction by humans approximately 30,000 years ago. (Source: MSNBC)
Some humans apparently thought Neanderthals were looking mighty fine
Neanderthals, Homo
neanderthalensis,
were a species of prehistoric
hominid that existed 30,000 to 400,000 years ago. They
were the closest relative to humans, but it is thought that humans
drove them to extinction.
Now led by ancient-DNA
expert Svante Pääbo of Germany's Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology, the Neanderthal genome has been
sequenced. Roughly a decade after the first full sequencing of
a human genome, the Neanderthal genome stands complete, with the full
study appearing in the journal Science.
The
DNA for the project came from bone fragments of three female
Neanderthals excavated in the late 1970s and early 1980s from a cave
in Croatia. The ancient hominids lived approximately 38,000 to
40,000 years ago.
It is speculated that Homo
sapiens (humans),
which first evolved in
the plains of Africa, may have interbred with Neanderthals as they
spread out across the Middle East and North Africa. The new DNA
evidence indicates that this indeed occurred, but that it occurred
far earlier than previously thought -- approximately 80,000 years
ago.
Humans and Neanderthals diverged between 270,000 to
440,000 years ago, but thanks to interbreeding, some Neanderthal
genetic traits survive to this day. Additionally, Neanderthals
and humans both appear to have evolved similar traits that
accomplished the same goals, but were not genetically identical (the
result of interbreeding).
The project is a very difficult
one. Over 97 percent of the sample DNA is bacterial and fungal
DNA and must be painstakingly removed. Meanwhile researchers
must avoid contaminating the samples with their own DNA.
Researchers have been building a genome billions of base pairs long,
using fragments 40 to 50 base pairs in length. Describes Pääbo,
"We used half a gram of bones to produce the 3 billion base
pairs. I really thought until six or seven years ago that it
would remain impossible, at least for my lifetime, to sequence the
entire genome."
Researchers found that sequenced human
genomes from one San from southern Africa, one Yoruba from West
Africa, one Papua New Guinean, one Han Chinese and one French person
shared 1 to 4 percent common genomic material with Neanderthals, the
result of these people's ancient ancestors interbreeding with the
close relative. The genes appear to offer no benefit and be
randomly placed. Additionally the transfer appears one way,
from Neanderthals to humans.
The new work is not without
controversy. The hard evidence it provides is discomforting for
those whose religious doctrines claim that the Earth is less than
10,000 years old. Furthermore, it provides further evidence of
how humans and other hominids evolved,
a concept that is opposed by several religions.
Still, those
more inclined to believe in science will certainly appreciate this
magnificent study. Computational biologist Webb Miller, part of
a Penn State team, a member of the team that sequenced the Woolly
Mammoth and "Otzi" iceman genome cheers, "This is a
way cool paper. I think it's really fascinating. Some [scientists]
will love it and some of them will hate it. It's great science."
"The whole principle [of censorship] is wrong. It's like demanding that grown men live on skim milk because the baby can't have steak." -- Robert Heinlein
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